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Cost of living pressures have increased, but this is a global issue. US Consumer Price Index (CPI) reached an all-time high of . In Australia, CPI rose 2.1 per cent in the March 2022 quarter and  –the largest quarterly and annual rise since the introduction of the goods and services tax (GST). The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) attributed the increase to and fuel prices.

Why is this increase a significant issue? First, a higher CPI indicates rising inflation: if there’s inflation—when goods and services cost more—the CPI will increase. When inflation goes up, the value of a currency declines over time. So, people on fixed wages and who have cash savings will be hurt by inflation.

Secondly, this inflation has caused ALP leader Anthony Albanese to say he would to match inflation. However, business groups have such a push. Similarly, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) has .

Labor’s comments have sparked worries of a wage-price spiral, in which wages push up inflation which pushes up wages in a vicious cycle. 

But the situation is complex. Many employers have tried to underpay employees for an extended period. Many employers have routinely kept wage growth far below inflation, failed to increase wages with seniority, or have cut wages even in good times. This has triggered resentment, which bubbles over in high inflation periods. This is understandable and needs to be addressed.

This begs the question: Should wages be tied to inflation? And if not, why?

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Raising wages to inflation won't necessarily improve living standards

A wage-price spiral can occur when wage increases trigger inflation. And, then this inflation further triggers wage-price increases. And this happens in a (hypothetically) never-ending cycle.

This occurs for the following reason. Suppose a person’s income increases by $1. Let us think about the impacts:

1. The person now has another $1 they can spend on goods, invest, or save. At least some of that $1 will go to an additional demand. Given that supply and demand largely determine prices, this increase in demand will shift prices up, holding supply constant. Further, even when the person pays off debt, the lender can now free up that capital to lend elsewhere, thereby “easing” financial conditions. San Francisco Fed President that this could be inflationary.
2. The person’s employer must now pay them an additional $1. This increases the employer’s costs. Thus, the employer will pass on the costs to customers to the extent possible. Some companies can pass on the full amount. Some companies cannot, given market dynamics. The only way around this is a price ceiling. But, these would simply lower the quantity of goods that businesses are willing to supply, thereby creating shortages. 

The Fair Work Commission is an independent body that sets the National Minimal Wage, which as of 1 July 2021 is $20.33 per hour or $772.60 per week. Photo: Shutterstock

Now, suppose we are in a simple idealised world. In this simplistic world, people might say “What does it matter if bread increases 10 per cent if my income has also increased 10 per cent”. But the world is not that simple.

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To explore the negative impacts, we need to dig deeper. So far, we see greater inflation: People can pay more for goods due to having more money, so demand increases. But, companies have higher input costs, so they charge more. The above two steps will continue for some time. This creates a cycle of inflation. But eventually, this cycle will go off the rails, and here are on-flow long term effects:

1. Imports will become more expensive and living standards will fall. They will do this because the value of the $ declines in relative terms. Thus, imports become more expensive. This reduces productivity and lowers’ peoples’ standard of living. Over the long term exports might increase due to the declining currency and central banks might hike rates to control inflation. These could counter-balance this effect after some time. But, the possibility of a long-run equilibrium hardly would solve the concern that imported food will become unaffordable now. This logic applies mutatis mutandis (with the necessary changes having been made) throughout the economy. Failing to reduce inflation, can trigger hyper-inflationary disasters.
2. Central banks will try to reduce inflation. But, if wages are now tied to inflation, the central bank will need to increase interest rates even more: no longer could they count on wages stabilising or falling to reduce inflation. Rather, the central bank will need demand destruction, operationalised by unemployment. Ultimately, this is not good for employees.
3. Some companies cannot pass on price increases. These companies become less profitable. They hire fewer people, or potentially go bankrupt. This hurts employees and increases unemployment. Ironically, this might, over the long term, reduce wage pressure and put downward pressure on wages if they are not mechanically tied to inflation.
4. As a result of some companies becoming failing, markets can become more concentrated. This would be a long term “tail event” type risk. However, if we are considering a situation of mechanically tying wages to inflation, as Anthony Albanese appears to want, then this is the ultimate outcome.

Thus, the overall outcome of tying wages to inflation is negative. But this does not solve the problem: real earnings have fallen.

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So what then can be done to improve living standards?

There are several solutions that can help to mitigate the demands for, and need for, wages linked to inflation.

1. Prevention is better than cure. Employers can grapple seriously with employees’ wages. In periods of ‘stable’ inflation, wages would move roughly in line with inflation in equilibrium. It is important that employers do not impose a tax on loyal employees who stay with excessively low wage growth. Employers would also do well to invest in productivity gains, whether this is through mechanisation, automation, or upskilling their labour force. Such upskilling should not merely be adding hours to the employee's job – as all too often is the case with workload plans – but should genuinely enable that employee to become more efficient.

Failing to invest in this way will simply cause employees to impose ‘shrinkflation’ on the company. Whereas a loyal or productive employee might have been willing to ‘go above and beyond’ before, in high inflation environments, they will just work to rule and engage in a side hustle. Thus, it is vital that employers do pay employees their market value. Otherwise, those employees will simply leave.

2. Employers should recognise the cost of living pressures. Employers should explain to employees the issues with wage-price spirals and whether price increases are affordable. Explaining these issues to employees and treating them like adults will likely reduce (albeit not eliminate) concerns.

3. Inflation must fall. Central banks should tackle inflation. The root cause of inflation-wage demands is high inflation. Reducing inflation, and inflation expectations are essential. Employees are less likely to push for aggressive wage increases if they believe that inflation will subside. This involves credible signalling. Both the RBA and the Federal Reserve have signalled that future rate increases are on the table.

4. Support employees to upskill. There is no one-size-fits-all answer. The fact that wages can normalise over the next few years does not necessarily help the cost of living pressures now. Where possible, upskilling is the best approach. This creates more demand for your labour both in a strong labour market and a weak one. Warren Buffett has us to “be exceptionally good at something”. When people want to hire you, you can demand more money or change jobs.

It is always important to have a buffer ex-ante. A side hustle might work for an efficient office employee who decides to work to rule. It might not be so viable for a manual labourer whose income is tied to hours earned. Nevertheless, focusing on efficient shift management (i.e., penalty rates, less desirable hours) can boost earnings with incrementally less pain.

Switching jobs is an important mechanism. Oft-times, employers impose a “loyalty tax” on employees that stay. At present, unemployment is 4 per cent in Australia. It is below 4 per cent in the US. There are myriad jobs for myriad different types of skills. If you are prepared to leave, you can often obtain a higher wage.

What does this mean for policy? Cost of living pressures is real. And therefore, central banks must control inflation so that living standards do not fall over in the long run. Importantly, central banks have shown they are willing to do this.

Mark Humphery-Jenner is an Associate Professor in the School of Banking & Finance at UNSW Business School. He has been published in leading management journals and his research interests include corporate finance, venture capital and law. For more information please contact A/Prof. Humphery-Jenner directly.