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Professor Julie Stubbs

Professor Julie Stubbs

Honorary Professor
Law & Justice
School of Law, Society & Criminology

Julie is a criminal justice scholar who joined UNSW Law in 2010.  She was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia in 2019. In October 2020 she moved to the position of Honorary Professor.  She was foundation co-Director of the Centre for Crime, Law and Justice (2018-2020).  Previously Julie held positions as Professor of Criminology and Director of the Institute of Criminology at the University of Sydney, and as a senior researcher with the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. 

Areas of expertise
Julie's research interests include: justice reinvestment, imprisonment, community sanctions, domestic violence, legal responses to violence against women, homicide, restorative justice, and bail; she also has undertaken research on young offenders, and on cross-cultural issues in criminal justice. More generally she is interested in gender and criminal justice.

She is currently a member of the Board of the Law and Justice Foundation and an adviser to ANROWS on the National Community Attitudes to Violence Against Women survey. She was a member of: Advisory Committee of the Institute of Criminology (U Sydney, 1989-2020),  the NSW Advisory Panel on Domestic and Family Homicides; the Criminal Justice Sexual Assault Taskforce; and the Department of Corrective Services Institutional Ethics Committee. She has undertaken consultancy research for Legal Aid NSW and several criminal justice agencies.

Key words: Gender and crime, domestic violence, violence against women, justice reinvestment, restorative justice, criminal justice, bail, homicide.

Professional Memberships and Affiliations
Julie is a member of the International Advisory Board of the British Journal of Criminology, and the International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, and of the Editorial Board for the journals:  Women, Law and Human Rights e-journal, Critical Criminology, and Current Issues in Criminal Justice.
E-mail
j.stubbs@unsw.edu.au
Location
Room 219 The Law Building University of New South Wales UNSW Kensington Campus Sydney NSW 2052 Australia (Access via Gate 2 off High Street)
  • Books | 2023
    Stubbs J; Russell S; Baldry E; Brown D; Cunneen C; Schwartz M, 2023, Rethinking Community Sanctions Social Justice and Penal Control, Emerald Publishing Limited
    Books | 2016
    Cunneen C; Brown D; Schwartz M; Stubbs J; Young C, 2016, Justice Reinvestment Winding Back Imprisonment, Palgrave Macmillan, UK,
    Books | 1997
    Cunneen C; Stubbs J, 1997, Gender, Race and International Relations Violence Against Filipino Women in Australia, Institute of Criminology, Sydney, Sydney
    Books | 1994
    Stubbs J, 1994, Women, male violence, and the law, Stubbs J, (ed.), Institute of Criminology, Sydney, Sydney
  • Book Chapters | 2020
    Stubbs J, 2020, 'Bringing Racialised Women and Girls into View: An Intersectional Approach to Punishment and Incarceration', in The Emerald Handbook of Feminism, Criminology and Social Change, pp. 295 - 316,
    Book Chapters | 2020
    Stubbs J, 2020, 'Bringing Racialised Women and Girls into View: An Intersectional Approach to Punishment and Incarceration', in Walklate S; Fitz-Gibbon K; Maher J; McCulloch J (ed.), The Emerald Handbook of Feminism, Criminology and Social Change, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK, pp. 295 - 316,
    Book Chapters | 2020
    Stubbs J, 2020, 'Seeking safety within the home and for the homeless', in Dalton D; de Lint W; Palmer D (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Guide to Criminology, Thomson Reuters,
    Book Chapters | 2017
    Daly K; Stubbs J, 2017, 'Feminist engagement with restorative justice', in Feminist Theories of Crime, pp. 503 - 522
    Book Chapters | 2017
    Stubbs J; Baldry E, 2017, '‘In pursuit of fundamental change within the Australian penal landscape: Taking inspiration from the Corston Report’', in Moore L; Scaton P; Wahidin A (ed.), Women's Imprisonment and the Case for Abolition Critical Reflections on Corston Ten Years On, Routledge, pp. 129 - 149,
    Book Chapters | 2017
    Stubbs J; Wangmann J, 2017, 'Australian perspectives on domestic violence', in Buzawa E; Buzawa, C (ed.), Global Responses to Domestic Violence, Springer, pp. 167 - 188,
    Book Chapters | 2016
    Brown D; Cunneen C; Schwartz M; Stubbs J; Young C, 2016, 'Justice Reinvestment as Social Justice', in The Routledge International Handbook of Criminology and Human Rights, Routledge, pp. 309 - 318
    Book Chapters | 2016
    Stubbs J; Tomsen S, 2016, 'Australian violence: Then and now', in Stubbs J; Tomsen S (ed.), Australian Violence: Crime, Criminal Justice and Beyond, Federation Press, Leichhardt, pp. 1 - 13
    Book Chapters | 2016
    Stubbs J, 2016, 'Gendered violence and restorative justice', in A Restorative Approach to Family Violence: Changing Tack, pp. 199 - 210,
    Book Chapters | 2016
    Stubbs J, 2016, 'Murder, manslaughter and domestic violence', in Homicide, Gender and Responsibility: An International Perspective, pp. 36 - 52,
    Book Chapters | 2016
    Stubbs J, 2016, 'Searching for Integrity in Domestic Violence Policing', in Hunter J; Roberts P; Young S; Dixon D (ed.), The Integrity of Criminal Process From Theory into Practice, Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 53 - 74
    Book Chapters | 2016
    Stubbs J, 2016, 'Women, girls and gendered violence', in Stubbs J; Tomsen S (ed.), Australian Violence: Crime, Criminal Justice and Beyond, Federation Press, Annandale, NSW, pp. 67 - 86
    Book Chapters | 2015
    Stubbs J; Wangmann J, 2015, 'Competing Conceptions of Victims of Domestic Violence within Legal Processes', in Wilson D; Ross S (ed.), Crime, Victims and Policy International Contexts, Local Experiences, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 107 - 132,
    Book Chapters | 2015
    Stubbs J, 2015, 'When Self-Defence Fails', in Fitz-Gibbon K; Freiberg A (ed.), Homicide Law Reform in Victoria: Retrospect and Prospects, Federation Press, Australia, pp. 110 - 127
    Book Chapters | 2014
    Stubbs J, 2014, ''A well-founded fear? Giving context to self-defence in R v Taikato', in Douglas H; Bartlett F; Luker T (ed.), Australian Feminist Judgements: : Righting and re-writing law, Hart Publishing Ltd., pp. 243 - 249,
    Book Chapters | 2014
    Stubbs J, 2014, 'Gendered violence and restorative justice', in A Restorative Approach to Family Violence: Changing Tack, edn. 1st, Ashgate, Farnham, Surrey, UK, pp. 199 - 210,
    Book Chapters | 2013
    Stubbs J, 2013, 'Biographical box 5.1', in Routledge International Handbook of Crime and Gender Studies, pp. 118 - 119,
    Book Chapters | 2012
    Stubbs J; Mason G, 2012, 'Feminist approaches to criminological research', in Gadd D; Karstedt S; Messner SF (ed.), The Sage Handbook of Criminological Research Methods, edn. Original, SAGE Publications Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 486 - 499,
    Book Chapters | 2012
    Stubbs J, 2012, 'Indigenous women and penal discourse', in Carrington K; Ball M; O'Brien E; Tauri J (ed.), Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, edn. Critical Criminological Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 248 - 266,
    Book Chapters | 2012
    Stubbs J, 2012, 'Justice for Gendered Violence: What Does Restorative Justice Offer?', in Bolitho J; Bruce J; Mason G (ed.), Restorative Justice: Adults and Emerging Practice, edn. Original, Institute of Criminology, Sydney, pp. 194 - 213,
    Book Chapters | 2011
    Stubbs J; Daly K, 2011, 'Feminist engagement with restorative justice', in Chesney-Lind M; Morash M (ed.), Feminist Theories of Crime, Ashgate Publishing Company
    Book Chapters | 2011
    Stubbs J; Mason G, 2011, 'Feminist approaches to criminological research', in Gadd D; Karstedt S; Messner SF (ed.), The SAGE Handbook of Criminological Research Methods, SAGE
    Book Chapters | 2011
    Stubbs J; Mason G, 2011, 'Feminist criminological research and the meanings of violence', in Qualitative criminology: stories from the field, Federation Press, Australia, pp. 137 - 148
    Book Chapters | 2011
    Stubbs J, 2011, 'Crime and the Home', in Marmo M; de Lint W; Palmer D (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Guide to Criminology, edn. 4, Thomson Reuters, Australia, pp. 171 - 189,
    Book Chapters | 2010
    Stubbs J, 2010, 'Restorative justice, gendered violence and Indigenous women', in Feminism, Restorative Justice, and Violence Against Women, Oxford University Press, pp. 103 - 122
    Book Chapters | 2009
    Stubbs J, 2009, 'Beyond apology? Domestic violence and critical questions for restorative justice', in Hoyle C (ed.), Restorative justice: Critical Concepts in Criminology (Volume II), Routledge, United Kingdom,
    Book Chapters | 2008
    Stubbs J, 2008, 'Critical criminological research', in Anthony T; Cunneen C (ed.), The Critical Criminology Companion, edn. 1, Federation Press, Sydney, pp. 6 - 17,
    Book Chapters | 2007
    Daly K; Stubbs J, 2007, 'Feminist theory, feminist and anti-racist politics, and restorative justice', in Johnstone J; Van Ness D (ed.), The Handbook of Restorative Justice, edn. 1, Willan Publishing, Cullommpton, Devon, pp. 149 - 170,
    Book Chapters | 2005
    Stubbs J; Tolmie J, 2005, 'Defending Battered Women on Charges of Homicide: The Structural and Systemic Versus the Personal and Particular', in Chan W; Chunn DE; Menzies R (ed.), Women, mental disorder and the law, Glasshouse Press, London, pp. 191 - 210,
    Book Chapters | 2005
    Stubbs J, 2005, 'Crime and the home', in Goldsmith A; Israel M; Daly K (ed.), Crime & Justice: A Guide to Criminology, edn. 3, Lawbook Co, Australia, pp. 175 - 193,
    Book Chapters | 2004
    Cunneen C; Stubbs J, 2004, 'Cultural Criminology: Engaging with Race, Gender and Post-colonial Identities', in Ferrell J; Hayward K; Morrison W; Presdee M (ed.), Cultural Criminology Unleashed, edn. Original, Glasshouse Press, London, pp. 97 - 108
    Book Chapters | 2004
    Cunneen C, 2004, 'Cultural Criminology and Engagement with Race, Gender and Post-Colonial Identities', in Ferrell J; Hayward K; Morrison W; Presdee M (ed.), Cultural Criminology Unleashed, edn. Original, Glasshouse Press, London, pp. 97 - 108
    Book Chapters | 2003
    Cunneen C; Stubbs J, 2003, 'Fantasy Islands: Desire, 'Race' and Violence', in Tomsen S; Donaldson M (ed.), Male Trouble: Looking at Australian Masculinities, edn. Original, Pluto Press, Melbourne, Australia
    Book Chapters | 2003
    Stubbs J, 2003, 'Crime and the home', in Goldsmith A; Israel M; Daly K (ed.), Crime and Justice in the 21st Century, An Australian Textbook in Criminology, edn. 2, LBC, Sydney, pp. 159 - 177
    Book Chapters | 2002
    Cunneen C; Stubbs J, 2002, 'Migration, political economy and violence against women: the post-immigration experiences of Filipino women in Australia', in Freilich JD; Newman G; Shoham SG; Addad M (ed.), Migration, Culture Conflict and Crime, edn. Original, Ashgate`s series, Advances in Criminology, Dartmouth, pp. 159 - 186
    Book Chapters | 2002
    Stubbs J, 2002, 'Domestic violence and women's safety: Feminist challenges to restorative justice', in Strang H; Braithwaite J (ed.), Restorative justice and family violence, edn. Original, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 42 - 61,
    Book Chapters | 1997
    Stubbs J, 1997, 'Shame defiance and violence against women', in Cook S; Bessant J (ed.), Women’s encounters with violence: Australian experiences, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp. 109 - 126
    Book Chapters | 1995
    Stubbs J, 1995, 'Communitarian conferencing and violence against women: A cautionary note', in Valverde M; MacLeod L; Johnson K (ed.), Wife Assault and the Canadian Criminal Justice System: Issues and Policies, Centre of Criminology University of Toronto, pp. 260 - 289
    Book Chapters | 1994
    Stubbs J; Tolmie J, 1994, 'Battered women syndrome in Australia', in Stubbs J (ed.), Women male violence and the law, Institute of Criminology University of Sydney, Sydney, pp. 192 - 225
    Book Chapters | 1994
    Stubbs J, 1994, 'Introduction', in Stubbs J (ed.), Women, male violence, and the law, Institute of Criminology, Sydney, pp. 1 - 12
    Book Chapters | 1988
    Stubbs J; Wallace A, 1988, 'Protecting Victims of Domestic Violence', in Findlay M; Hogg R (ed.), Understanding Crime and Criminal Justice, Law Books, Sydney, pp. 52 - 77
    Book Chapters | 1983
    Stubbs J; Andrews J, 1983, 'A Review of the Operation of the N.S.W. Bail Act, 1978’', in Issues in Criminal Justice Administration, George Allen & Unwin, Sydney, pp. 83 - 95
  • Edited Books | 2016
    Stubbs J; Tomsen S, (ed.), 2016, Australian Violence: Crime, Criminal Justice and Beyond, Federation Press, Leichhardt, UNSW,
  • Journal articles | 2021
    Webster K; Ward A; Diemer K; Flood M; Honey N; Morgan J; Politof V; Powell A; Stubbs J, 2021, 'How are gender inequality and violence against women related? Findings from a population-level community attitudes survey', Australian Journal of Social Issues,
    Journal articles | 2020
    Wangmann J; Laing L; Stubbs J, 2020, 'Exploring gender differences in domestic violence reported to the NSW Police Force', Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 32, pp. 255 - 276,
    Journal articles | 2016
    Stubbs J, 2016, 'Downsizing Prisons in an Age of Austerity? Justice Reinvestment and Women’s Imprisonment', Onati Socio-legal series, 6, pp. 91 - 115,
    Journal articles | 2015
    Stubbs J, 2015, 'Gendered Violence, Intersectionalities and Resisting Gender Neutrality', Onati Socio-legal series, 5, pp. 1433 - 1451,
    Journal articles | 2014
    Sheehy E; Stubbs JE; Tolmie J, 2014, 'Securing fair outcomes for battered women charged with homicide: Analysing defence lawyering in R v Falls', Melbourne University Law Review, 38, pp. 666 - 708
    Journal articles | 2012
    Fitz-Gibbon K; Stubbs J, 2012, 'Editorial', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 45, pp. 316 - 317,
    Journal articles | 2012
    Stubbs J; Fitz-gibbon K, 2012, 'Divergent directions in reforming legal responses to lethal violence', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 45, pp. 318 - 336
    Journal articles | 2012
    Stubbs J; Sheehy ; Tolmie J, 2012, 'Battered women charged with homicide in Australia, Canada and New Zealand: How do they fare?', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 45, pp. 383 - 399
    Journal articles | 2012
    Stubbs J; Tolmie J; Sheehy , 2012, 'Defences to Homicide for Battered Women: A Comparative Analysis of Laws in Australia, Canada and New Zealand', Sydney Law Review, 34, pp. 467 - 492
    Journal articles | 2011
    Stubbs J, 2011, 'Indigenous women in Australian criminal justice: Over-represented but rarely acknowledged', Australian Indigenous Law Review, 15, pp. 47 - 63
    Journal articles | 2011
    Stubbs J, 2011, 'Race, Crime and Justice: International Perspectives', AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY, 44, pp. 317 - 320,
    Journal articles | 2010
    Mason G; Stubbs J, 2010, 'Beyond prison: Women, incarceration and justice? Introduction', Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 22, pp. 1 - 4,
    Journal articles | 2010
    Stubbs J, 2010, 'RELATIONS OF DOMINATION AND SUBORDINATION: CHALLENGES FOR RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN RESPONDING TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE', UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES LAW JOURNAL, 33, pp. 970 - 986,
    Journal articles | 2010
    Stubbs J, 2010, 'Re-thinking bail and remand for young people in NSW', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 43, pp. 485 - 505,
    Journal articles | 2010
    Stubbs J, 2010, 'Relations of Domination and Subordination: Challenges for Restorative Justice in Responding to Domestic Violence', University of New South Wales Law Journal, pp. 970 - 986
    Journal articles | 2008
    Stubbs J; Tolmie J, 2008, 'Battered women charged with homicide: Advancing the interests of Indigenous women', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 41, pp. 138 - 161,
    Journal articles | 2008
    Stubbs J, 2008, 'Getting Played: African American Girls, Urban Inequality, and Gendered Violence', THEORETICAL CRIMINOLOGY, 12, pp. 562 - 563,
    Journal articles | 2006
    Cook KJ; Daly K; Stubbs J, 2006, 'Introduction', Theoretical Criminology, 10, pp. 5 - 7,
    Journal articles | 2006
    Stubbs J; Daly K, 2006, 'Feminist engagement with restorative justice Gender, Race, and Restorative Justice', Theoretical Criminology, 10, pp. 9 - 28
    Journal articles | 2004
    Stubbs J, 2004, 'Domestic violence, laws and homelessness in Australia', Parity, 17, pp. 41 - 42
    Journal articles | 2004
    Stubbs J, 2004, 'Restorative Justice, Domestic Violence and Family Violence Australian', Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse Issues Paper series, pp. 1 - 24,
    Journal articles | 2003
    Kaye M; Stubbs J; Tolmie J, 2003, 'Domestic Violence, Separation and Parenting: Negotiating Safety Using Legal Processes', Current Issues in Criminal Justice, 15, pp. 73 - 94
    Journal articles | 2003
    Kaye M; Stubbs J; Tolmie J, 2003, 'Domestic violence and child contact arrangements', Australian Journal of Family Law, 17, pp. 93 - 133
    Journal articles | 2003
    Stubbs J, 2003, 'Sexual assault, criminal justice and law and order', Women Against Violence, pp. 14 - 26
    Journal articles | 1995
    Travis G; Brown DM; Egger SJ; Hogg R; O Toole B; Stubbs J, 1995, 'The international crime survey: some methodological concerns', Current Issues in Criminal Justice, pp. 346 - 361
  • Working Papers | 2003
    Kaye M; Stubbs J; Tolmie J, 2003, Negotiating child residence and contact against a background of domestic violence, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, 4, http://dx.doi.orghttp://www.griffith.edu.au/centre/slrc/flru/content04.html
  • Reports | 2020
    Schwartz M; Russell S; Baldry E; Brown D; Cunneen C; Stubbs J, 2020, Obstacles to Effective Support of People Released from Prison: Wisdom from the Field,
    Reports | 2019
    Cripps K; Diemer K; Honey N; Mickle J; Morgan J; Parkes A; Politoff V; Powell A; Stubbs J; Ward A; Webster K, 2019, Attitudes towards violence against women and gender equality among Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders: Findings from the 2017 National Community Attitudes towards Violence against Women Survey, ANROWS, Sydney,
    Reports | 2019
    McNamara L; Stubbs J; Gibbon H; Schwartz M; Steel A, 2019, Submission in response to the NSW Law Reform Commission’s Consent in Relation to Sexual Assault
    Reports | 2019
    Politoff V; Crabbe M; Honey N; Mannix S; Mickle J; Morgan J; Parkes A; Powell A; Stubbs J; Ward A; Webster K, 2019, Young Australians’ attitudes to violence against women and gender equality: Findings from the 2017 National Community Attitudes towards Violence against Women Survey, ANROWS, Sydney,
    Reports | 2019
    Stubbs J; Findlay L; McNamara L; Steel A, 2019, Submission to the NSW Sentencing Council’s review of sentencing for the offences of murder and manslaughter, including penalties imposed for domestic and family violence homicides and the standard non-parole periods for murder,
    Reports | 2019
    Webster, K; Vaughan C; Yasmin, R; Diemer K; Honey N; Mickle J; Morgan J; Parkes A; Politoff V; Powell A; Stubbs J; Ward A, 2019, Attitudes towards violence against women and gender equality among people from non-English speaking countries: Findings from the 2017 National Community Attitudes towards Violence, ANROWS, Sydney, NCAS Insights, Issue 02/2019,
    Reports | 2018
    Webster K; Diemer K; Honey N; Mannix S; Mickle J; Morgan J; Parkes A; Politoff V; Powell A; Stubbs J; Ward A, 2018, NCAS methodology report: Survey Redevelopment and implementation of the 2017 National Community Attitudes towards Violence against Women Survey, ANROWS, Sydney,
    Reports | 2018
    Webster K; Diemer K; Honey N; Mannix S; Mickle J; Morgan J; Parkes A; Politoff VM; Powell A; Stubbs J; Ward A, 2018, Australians’ attitudes to violence against women and gender equality. Findings of the National Community Attitudes towards Violence Against Women Survey (NCAS), ANROWS, Sydney, Research report, 03/2018,
    Reports | 2015
    Stubbs J; Schwartz M; Brown DB; Cunneen C; Young C, 2015, Submission to the Senate Finance and Public Administration References Committee Inquiry into Access to Legal Assistance Services
    Conference Presentations | 2014
    Brown D; Schwartz M; Stubbs J; Young C, 2014, 'Justice Reinvestment: Winding back imprisonment?', presented at Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology Conference, Sydney University Law School, 02 October 2014 - 02 October 2014
    Reports | 2013
    Stubbs J; Brown D; Cunneen C; Schwartz M; Young C, 2013, Submission No 114 to Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Parliament of Australia, Value of a justice reinvestment approach to criminal justice in Australia, 20 June 2013., Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs
    Reports | 2013
    Stubbs J; Steel A; Gibbon H; Young C, 2013, Submission to the NSW Government on the Exposure Draft Bill Crimes Amendment (Provocation) Bill 2013, NSW Government
    Reports | 2013
    Stubbs J; Young C; Brown D; Cunneen C; Schwartz M, 2013, Submission No PA24 to NSW Law Reform Commission, Parole, Australia, Submission No PA24
    Reports | 2012
    Stubbs J, 2012, Submission to the NSW Parliament, Legislative Council, Select Committee on the partial defence of provocation., Australia
    Reports | 2011
    Stubbs J, 2011, Submission to the NSW Parliament, Standing Committee on Social Issues, Inquiry into domestic violence trends and issues in NSW, NSW Parliament, Standing Committee on Social Issues
    Reports | 2010
    Stubbs J; Steel A, 2010, Submission on the Review of the Bail Act and Draft Bail Bill 2010, Australia
    Reports | 2010
    Stubbs J, 2010, Submission to the Australian Law Reform Commission/ NSW Law Reform Commission inquiry Family Violence: Improving Legal Frameworks., NSW Law Reform Commission
    Reports | 2008
    Stubbs J; Graycar R, 2008, Submission to the NSW Special Inquiry into the NSW Department of Community Services, NSW Special Inquiry into the NSW Department of Community Services

ARC DP17 - Addressing the Australian Penal Crisis: Rethinking Community Sanctions (with Eileen Baldry, David Brown, Chris Cunneen & Mel Schwartz).
ARC DP13 - Justice Reinvestment: Conceptual Foundations for Criminal Justice Innovation (with Mel Schwartz, David Brown & Chris Cunneen).

In 2019 Julie was elected a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia for her contributions to criminology and domestic violence advocacy.

My Research Supervision


Julie is currently supervising PhD students researching: shifting constructions of sex offenders and coronial processes.

My Teaching

Julie previously taught:

  • Gender, Race and Justice (LAWS8075)(JURD7475)
  • Current Issues in Criminal Justice (LAWS8076)(JURD7376)
  • Policing (CRIM2014)
  • Prisons and Punishment (CRIM2036)